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Arabic Grammatical Cases
- What are grammatical case?
- How many cases does Arabic have?
- How to recognize the grammatical case in Arabic?
- Grammar cases of Arabic duals
- Grammar cases of Arabic plurals
- Summary of the lesson
- Arabic cases chart
- Arabic cases chart with examples
- Exercise
What are grammatical case?
The Arabic name for the grammatical case is
اِعْرَابٌ
Grammatical cases determine the roles (relations) of different nouns and pronouns in a sentence, e.g. whether a noun or pronoun is the subject or object.
Subject | Verb | Object |
---|---|---|
David | opens | the book. |
He | opens | it. |
David | is hitting | Mike. |
He | is hitting | him. |
The noun "David" and the pronoun "he" are subjects in the above sentences. They are in the subjective case. The subjective case is also called the Nominative case.
Book, it, Mike and him are the objective case. The objective case is called the accusative case.
How many cases does Arabic have?
Arabic has three cases:
- Subjective case (Nominative case)
- Objective case (Accusative case)
- Possessive case (Genitive case)
How to recognize the grammatical case of nouns and adjectives in Arabic?
Normally, in Arabic, the verb is the first element in the sentence, followed by the subject and then the object. However, we can interchange positions of the verb, subject, and object for emphasis or other reasons. Please see the following example.
ضَرَبَ زَيْدٌ حَامِدًا
Zayd hit Hamid.
ضَرَبَ is the verb in past. Our focus is not on Arabic verbs in this lesson. We want to learn Arabic grammatical cases.
In the above example, we can see that the noun Zyed has a double vowel with dammah or in Arabic we call it tanween dammah ( ـٌ ) i.e. زَيْدٌ , while the noun Hamid has the tanween fatah ( ـً ا ), i.e. حَامِدًا.
So, it's the tanween
تَنْوِيْن in Arabic sentences that indicates the subjective case or objective case of a singular noun or an adjective.
Another important point here is that the noun in the objective case (nominative case) is taking an extra alif
( ـً ا ) , i.e.
حَامِدًا .
There are two exceptions where we don't add this extra alif ( ـً ا ).
-
If the last letter of the word is
ta marboota ة, then extra alif would not be written, e.g.
فَتْحَةً
كَسْرَةً -
If the word ends with the letter hamza ( ء ) and second last letter is alif
( ا ) like
سَمَاءً
We have already learned the rules of tanween. You can recall from the lesson Tanween or from the Summary of reading rules.
For emphasis, poetry, or whatever reason, we can also switch the order of the above example sentence and still the subjective and objective cases are giving the real sence of the sentence.
زَيْدٌ ضَرَبَ حَامِدًا
زَيْدٌ حَامِدًا ضَرَبَ
We can also place the object before the subject and the meanings of the sentence remain the same. Although that feels strange.
The third condition of tanween is tanween with kasra
( ـٍ )
which represents the genitive (possessive) case.
Please see the below example.
The preposition ل means for or of. It shows possession and brings the respective noun, pronoun, and adjective in the possessive case.
لِحَامِدٍ
of Hamid / for Hamid
لِزَيْدٍ
of Zyed / for Zyed
فَعَلَ زَيْدٌ لِحَامِدٍ
Zyed did for Hamid.
Till now in this lesson, we have learned that for singular nouns and adjectives, three types of tanweens are used to indicate the grammatical cases. Arabic terms for three cases are:
Nominative case
(Subjective case) |
مَرْفُوْعٌ
|
Accusative case
(Objective case) |
مَنْصُوْبٌ
|
Genitive case
(Possessive case) |
مَجْرُوْرٌ
|
-
A noun, pronoun or adjective that is in the nominative or subjective case ( مَرْفُوْعٌ ) is called the subject. The Arabic term for the subject is:
رَفْعٌ -
A noun, pronoun or adjective that is in the accusative case ( مَنْصُوْبٌ ) is called the object, in Arabic:
نَصْبٌ -
Similarly, a noun, pronoun or adjective in the genitive case ( مَجْرُوْرٌ ) is called:
جَرٌ
Please see the following examples.
مَجْرُوْر
Genitive |
مَنْصُوْب
Accusative |
مَرْفُوْع
Nominative |
---|---|---|
ـٍ | ـً ا | ـٌ |
مُؤْمِنٍ
|
مُؤْمِنًا
|
مُؤْمِنٌ
|
مُؤْمِنَةٍ
|
مُؤْمِنَةً
|
مُؤْمِنَةٌ
|
جَمِيْلٍ
|
جَمِيْلًا
|
جَمِيْلٌ
|
جَمِيْلَةٍ
|
جَمِيْلَةً
|
جَمِيْلَةٌ
|
Not all Arabic nouns end in double vowels or tanween ( ـٌ ، ـً ا ، ـٍ ). Solid plural nouns and dual nouns have no tanweens at their ends.
Grammar cases of Arabic duals
From the lesson Dual Nouns, we know that a dual noun ends in the suffix
انِ-
We don't have "tanweens" at the ends of dual nouns. So, we need to change the letters in the accusative and genitive cases.
While making accusative and genitive cases of dual nouns, we change the suffix انِ-
مَجْرُوْر
Genitive |
مَنْصُوْب
Accusative |
مَرْفُوْع
Nominative |
---|---|---|
مُؤْمِنَيْنِ
|
مُؤْمِنَيْنِ
|
مُؤْمِنَانِ
|
مُؤْمِنَتَيْنِ
|
مُؤْمِنَتَيْنِ
|
مُؤْمِنَتَانِ
|
جَمِيْلَيْنِ
|
جَمِيْلَيْنِ
|
جَمِيْلَانِ
|
جَمِيْلَتَيْنِ
|
جَمِيْلَتَيْنِ
|
جَمِيْلَتَانِ
|
Grammar cases of Arabic plurals
(a) Sound plurals
From the lesson Arabic plurals, we know that masculine sound plurals end in the suffix
ـُ وْنَ
In feminine plurals, we have tanween ( ـٌ ). The declension of feminine solid plural noun occurs just by changing the tanween dammah to tanween kasra ( ـٍ ). In masculine plurals, we don't have tanween at the end. Their suffix
ـُ وْنَ
مَجْرُوْر
Genitive |
مَنْصُوْب
Accusative |
مَرْفُوْع
Nominative |
---|---|---|
مُؤْمِنِيْنَ
|
مُؤْمِنِيْنَ
|
مُؤْمِنُوْنَ
|
مُؤْمِنَاتٍ
|
مُؤْمِنَاتٍ
|
مُؤْمِنَاتٌ
|
صَادِقِيْنَ
|
صَادِقِيْنَ
|
صَادِقُوْنَ
|
صَادِقَاتٍ
|
صَادِقَاتٍ
|
صَادِقَاتٌ
|
(b) Broken plurals
Declension of Arabic broken plural nouns from the nominative case to the accusative and genitive follows the same rule as singular nouns.
مَجْرُوْر
Genitive |
مَنْصُوْب
Accusative |
مَرْفُوْع
Nominative |
---|---|---|
اَوْلَادٍ
|
اَوْلَادًا
|
اَوْلَادٌ
|
نِسَاءٍ
|
نِسَاءً
|
نِسَاءٌ
|
رِجَالٍ
|
رِجَالًا
|
رِجَالٌ
|
كُتُبٍ
|
كُتُبًا
|
كُتُبٌ
|
Please note that we are not adding an extra alif (
ـً ا
)
In case you are wondering why? Please read the above-explained exceptions.
Summary of the lesson
Either in a phrase or a sentence, an Arabic noun can only be in the one of three cases:
- Nominative case مَرْفُوْعٌ
- Accusative case مَنْصُوْبٌ
- Genitive case مَجْرُوْرٌ
-
Some nouns decline with the help of harakat
حَرَكَات i.e.
( ـٌ ـً ـٍ ـُ ـَ ـِ ). Declensions with help of harakat are called
اِعْرَابِ الْحَرَكَات
-
Some nouns decline with the help of their suffixes. These declensions are called
اِعْرَابِ الْحُرُوْف
حُرُوْف is plural of the word حَرْف , which means an alphabatic letter. اِعْرَابِ الْحُرُوْف means declension with the help of letters. - Singular nouns, feminine solid plurals, and broken plurals decline with the help of harakat ( اِعْرَابِ الْحَرَكَات ).
- Dual nouns and masculine solid plurals decline with the help of suffixes or alphabatic letters ( اِعْرَابِ الْحُرُوْف ).
Arabic cases chart
مَجْرُوْر
Genitive |
مَنْصُوْب
Accusative |
مَرْفُوْع
Nominative |
|
---|---|---|---|
ـٍ
|
ـً ا
|
ـٌ
|
واحد
مذکر/مؤنث |
ـَ يْنِ
|
ـَ يْنِ
|
انِ-
|
مثنّٰى
مذکر/مؤنث |
ـِ يْنَ
|
ـِ يْنَ
|
ـُ وْنَ
|
جمع مذكر سالم |
ـَ اتٍ
|
ـَ اتٍ
|
ـَ اتٌ
|
جمع مؤنث سالم |
ـٍ
|
ـً ا
|
ـٌ
|
جمع مكسر
مذکر/مؤنث |
Arabic cases chart with examples
مَجْرُوْر
Genitive |
مَنْصُوْب
Accusative |
مَرْفُوْع
Nominative |
|
---|---|---|---|
صَدِيْقٍ
|
صَدِيْقًا
|
صَدِيْقٌ
|
واحد مذكر |
صَدِيْقَةٍ
|
صَدِيْقَةً
|
صَدِيْقَةٌ
|
واحد مؤنث |
صَدِيْقَيْنِ
|
صَدِيْقَيْنِ
|
صَدِيْقَانِ
|
مثنّٰى مذکر |
صَدِيْقَتَيْنِ
|
صَدِيْقَتَيْنِ
|
صَدِيْقَتَانِ
|
مثنّٰى مؤنث |
صَادِقِيْنَ
|
صَادِقِيْنَ
|
صَادِقُوْنَ
|
جمع مذكر سالم |
صَادِقَاتٍ
|
صَادِقَاتٍ
|
صَادِقَاتٌ
|
جمع مؤنث سالم |
Exercise
We are not introducing new words in this lesson. Below is the list of words we have already learned in previous lessons. These are in the nominative case. Try to converty them into accusative and genitive cases.
مُسْلِمٌ
مُسْلِمَانِ
مُسْلِمُوْنَ
مُسْلِمَةٌ
مُسْلِمَتَانِ
مُسْلِمَاتٌ
كَافِرٌ
كَافِرَةٌ
كَافِرَانِ
كَافِرَتَانِ
كَافِرُوْنَ
كَافِرَاتٌ
نَجَّارٌ
نَجَّارَةٌ
نَجَّارَانِ
نَجَّارَتَانِ
نَجَّارُوْنَ
نَجَّارَاتٌ
قَلْبٌ
قَلْبَانِ
قَلُوْبٌ
نَجُوْمٌ
طُلَّابٌ
Answers
مَجْرُوْر
Genitive |
مَنْصُوْب
Accusative |
مَرْفُوْع
Nominative |
---|---|---|
مُسْلِمٍ | مُسْلِمًا | مُسْلِمٌ |
مُسْلِمَيْنِ | مُسْلِمَيْنِ | مُسْلِمَانِ |
مُسْلِمِيْنَ | مُسْلِمِيْنَ | مُسْلِمُوْنَ |
مُسْلِمَةٍ | مُسْلِمَةً | مُسْلِمَةٌ |
مُسْلِمَتَيْنِ | مُسْلِمَتَيْنِ | مُسْلِمَتَانِ |
مُسْلِمَاتٍ | مُسْلِمَاتٍ | مُسْلِمَاتٌ |
كَافِرٍ | كَافِرًا | كَافِرٌ |
كَافِرَةٍ | كَافِرَةً | كَافِرَةٌ |
كَافِرَيْنِ | كَافِرَيْنِ | كَافِرَانِ |
كَافِرَتَيْنِ | كَافِرَتَيْنِ | كَافِرَتَانِ |
كَافِرِيْنَ | كَافِرِيْنَ | كَافِرُوْنَ |
كَافِرَاتٍ | كَافِرَاتٍ | كَافِرَاتٌ |
نَجَّارٍ | نَجَّارًا | نَجَّارٌ |
نَجَّارَةٍ | نَجَّارَةً | نَجَّارَةٌ |
نَجَّارَيْنِ | نَجَّارَيْنِ | نَجَّارَانِ |
نَجَّارَتَيْنِ | نَجَّارَتَيْنِ | نَجَّارَتَانِ |
نَجَّارِيْنَ | نَجَّارِيْنَ | نَجَّارُوْنَ |
نَجَّارَاتٍ | نَجَّارَاتٍ | نَجَّارَاتٌ |
قَلْبٍ | قَلْبًا | قَلْبٌ |
قَلْبَيْنِ | قَلْبَيْنِ | قَلْبَانِ |
قَلُوْبٍ | قَلُوْبًا | قَلُوْبٌ |
نَجُوْمٍ | نَجُوْمًا | نَجُوْمٌ |
طُلَّابٍ | طُلَّابًا | طُلَّابٌ |
Please note,
cases play a very important role in Arabic grammar. It is not possible to make sentences and phrases without understanding the above explained three grammatical cases.
We will be using grammatical cases throughout this course. Before advancing to the next lesson, please make sure you have a complete understanding of this lesson.
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